第十四讲:陈述句和疑问句
句子种类
英语句子按使用目的和用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1. 陈述句
陈述句是用来叙述事实或表示说话人的看法的句子。
包括肯定结构和否定结构。
(1) 陈述句肯定式的构成。
① 主语+实义动词(+其他)
如:He laughed.
I like dancing.
He wants a cat.
② 主语+系动词+表语
如:She is a singer.
③ 主语+情态动词/助动词+动词原形(+其他)
如:You must finish your homework.
We should help the old.
(2) 陈述句否定式的构成
① 主语+don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + 动词原形(+其他)
如:I don’t like dancing.
He doesn’t want a cat.
He didn’t laugh.
② 主语+系动词+not+表语
如:She isn’t a singer.
The water isn’t clean.
③ 主语+情态动词/助动词+not+动词原形(+其他)
如:You shouldn’t drink and drive.
(3) 肯定句和否定句的转换。
① 句中有系动词be、或有情态动词或助动词时,直接在这些词的后面加上否定词not。
如:They are our good friends.
→They are not our good friends.
We should help them.
→We shouldn’t help them.
They are watching a movie.
→They are not watchinga movie.
② 谓语动词是行为动词时,要根据时态选用do的相应形式,即do / does / did not,并把该词恢复原形。
如:
I like animals.
→I don’t like animals.
He likes listening to the radio.
→He doesn’t like listening to the radio.
Our school held a sports meeting yesterday.
→Our school didn’t hold a sports meeting yesterday.
2. 疑问句
疑问句是用来提出问题或疑问的句子。
疑问句句尾要用问号。
疑问句又可分为四类:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
(1) 一般疑问句
一般疑问句通常以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开头,通常要求用yes或no回答的问句。
一般疑问句结构:
① Be+主语+表语?
Are you a student?
Is he tall?
② 情态动词/助动词+主语+动词原形(+其他)
如:May I come in?
Do you have a pen? (=Have you a pen?)
Do you play basketball in the afternoon?
注意:肯定回答用Yes,否定回答用No。答句中主语后的动词通常要与问句句首的词保持一致。
如:---Do you like history?
---Yes, I do. /No, I don’t.
---Are you a driver?
---Yes, I am./No, I am not.
(2) 特殊疑问句
用疑问代词或疑问副词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。
常见的疑问代词有:who 谁,whom 谁(宾格),whose 谁的,which 哪一个,what 什么;疑问副词有when 什么时候,where 什么地方,why 为什么,how 如何。
特殊疑问句的结构:
疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句。
即:(w)h--+ be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语+ 其他?
如:What are you doing?
Why didn’t you tell me?
Who are you waiting for?(=Whom are you waiting for?)
What do you do on Sunday?
Where does your grandpa live?
How did you come back?
When will you leave?
注意:当疑问代词位于句首用作主语或修饰主语时,则用陈述句的语序。
如:Who is on duty today?
Which bike is yours?
What is on the table?这三个句子都是“主+系+表语”结构。
注意:特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而要根据具体情况回答。
如:—Who is on duty today?—Xiao Ming.
—How do you come to school?—(I come to school) By bus.
(3) 选择疑问句
提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,由对方加以选择做出回答的疑问句称为选择疑问句。选择疑问句的结构:
①“一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(后一句常用省略结构,省去意义上与前句相同的部分)”,
如:
Is Kate’s hair long or (is Kate’s hair) short?
Is your sister a teacher or (is your sister) a doctor.
② 特殊疑问句,供选择的成份+or+供选择的成份
Which colour do you like, red or green?
注意:回答选择疑问句时,句首不用 yes 或 no,一般根据情况从两个并列的选择成份中选出其中一种来回答。
如:—Is Kate’s hair long or (is Kate’s hair) short? —It’s short.
(4) 反意疑问句
在陈述句之后附上一个简短问句,对陈述句所述的事实提出相反的疑问,这种疑问句叫反意疑问句。
如果前一部分是肯定式,后一部分一般用否定式;如果前一部分是否定式,后一部分则用肯定式。
前后两部分要在人称、数及时态上通常保持一致。
如:He is a student, isn’t he?
You don’t know her, do you?
回答时,和一般疑问句结构一样,如果答语是肯定的,就用“Yes+肯定结构”,如果答语是否定的,就用“No+否定结构”。
如:
—He enjoys singing, does he? —他喜欢唱歌,是吗?
—Yes, he does./ No, he doesn’t. —是的,他喜欢。/不,他不喜欢。
使用反意疑问句时,还应注意以下特殊情况:
①陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, hardly, seldom, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。
如:
Tom made no answer, did he?
They seldom play sports, do they?
② 当陈述部分为there be结构时,简略问句中应保留there。
如:
There is little tea in the cup, is there?
There are some birds in the picture, aren’t there?
③ 反义疑问句以祈使句开头时,疑问部分用will you。
如:Open the door, will you?
Don’t make any noise, will you?
④ 以let’s开头的祈使句,简略问句用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句,简略问句用will you。
如:
Let’s play together, shall we? 咱们一起玩,好吗?
Let us play outside, will you? 让我们出去玩一玩,好吗?
⑤ 陈述部分中的主语不论是用什么词充当,简略问句中的主语必须用人称代词。
如:
Tony went to the party yesterday, didn’t he?
Your brother can’t swim, can he?